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Argumentative manipulation plays a fundamental role in building a coherent, logical argument that convinces the reader. Mastering reasoning operations is the key to helping you conquer the Reading – Comprehension test, thereby achieving high scores in the National High School Literature exam. This article by Nguyễn Tất Thành will provide you with in-depth and systematic knowledge about common reasoning operations in the National High School Reading – Comprehension section, helping you review effectively and confidently solve all types of exam questions. .

What is an argument operation?

Argument is the ability to use language (written or spoken) to express one's thoughts and opinions on a certain issue, to persuade or prove others to believe, agree and accept. agree with what the arguer wants. In other words, reasoning is a tool that helps people communicate information, argue and solve problems effectively.

In the National High School Literature exam, knowledge of reasoning operations is highly valued and often appears in the Reading – Comprehension section of the exam. Therefore, candidates who are reviewing for the National High School Literature exam should not ignore this important part of knowledge.

So, how many reasoning operations are there? In the current literature program, there are a total of 6 main argumentative operations. Reasoning operations include: explain, analyze, prove, refute, comment, compare. Join Nguyễn Tất Thành to learn the concept and how to recognize reasoning operations right in the next part of this article!

Argumentative operations Explanation

What is an explanatory argument operation? Explanatory reasoning is a method of using language to explain and clarify a problem, phenomenon, or concept, helping listeners or readers understand clearly and correctly about that issue.

Characteristics of explanatory reasoning operations:

• Clarity: Use language that is easy to understand and absorb, avoid using specialized and abstract words.

• Accuracy: Information explained must be accurate, truthful, and trustworthy.

• Logic: Explanations must be arranged reasonably and closely linked to each other, creating a coherent, logical argument system.

• Vividness: Use examples, comparisons, and images to illustrate the problem being explained, making it easier for listeners and readers to understand and remember.

How to identify explanatory reasoning operations:

• Determining content: The content to be explained is often issues, phenomena, and concepts that are not clearly known or fully understood.

• Determine the purpose: The purpose of explanation is to clarify and explain the problem clearly so that the listener or reader can understand clearly and correctly.

• Determine method: Explanation is often done by defining, analyzing, explaining, and illustrating with examples, comparisons, and images.

Reasoning Operation Analysis

What is analytical reasoning? Analytical reasoning is a method of using language to break down and separate an object into the elements, parts, and aspects that make up it, thereby understanding the nature, structure, and relationships between them. those factors. In other words, analysis is the act of “dissecting” a problem to thoroughly understand it.

Characteristics of analytical reasoning operations:

• Scientific: Analysis is based on science, logic, objectivity, not emotional or subjective.

• Thoroughness: Analysis must go in-depth, going closely into each element and aspect of the object, without missing any important details.

• Systematic: The factors and aspects to be analyzed must be arranged in a reasonable and logical manner, showing a close relationship with each other.

• Creativity: Analysis must be creative, new, unique, expressing the analyst's own perspective and perspective.

How to identify analytical reasoning operations:

• Determining content: The content to be analyzed is often complex issues and phenomena, with many aspects and relationships.

• Determine the purpose: The purpose of analysis is to clarify and thoroughly understand the nature, structure and relationships between the elements of the object.

• Determine method: Analytical operations are often performed by dividing and separating the object into the elements, parts, and aspects that make up it, then analyzing each element and aspect thoroughly. interstitial, systematic.

Argumentative operation Proof

What is a proof argument operation? Demonstrative reasoning is a method of using language to reason, convey authentic and objective evidence and arguments to persuade and make listeners and readers believe and agree with views and ideas. opinion of the arguer.

Characteristics of argumentative proof operations:

• Scientific: Evidence must be truthful, verified, and have a scientific and logical basis.

• Persuasiveness: Evidence must be rich, typical, comprehensive, relevant to the issue to be proven, reasonably arranged, and closely linked together.

• Objectivity: Arguments must be honest, fair, unbiased, and not emotional.

• Attractiveness: Arguments must be lively, easy to understand, easy to absorb, and impress listeners and readers.

How to determine the proof argument operation:

• Determine content: Proven content is often views, opinions, and assessments that have not been agreed upon by everyone or need to be confirmed.

• Determine the purpose: The purpose of the proof operation is to make the listener or reader believe and agree with the point of view and opinion of the arguer.

• Determine method: Proof is often performed by providing evidence and reasons to reason, explain, and analyze the problem.

Argumentative operation Rebuttal

What is a rebuttal argument operation? The operation of rebuttal argument is a method of using language to use arguments and evidence to refute and negate false and inaccurate views, opinions, and arguments, thereby stating your own correct opinion. body to persuade listeners and readers.

Characteristics of the refutation argument operation:

• Logic: Arguments must be rigorous, scientifically based, objectively analyzed, and not emotional.

• Persuasiveness: Evidence must be rich, typical, comprehensive, relevant to the issue to be refuted, reasonably arranged, and closely linked together.

• Objectivity: Arguments must be honest, fair, unbiased, and not emotional.

• Attractiveness: Arguments must be lively, easy to understand, easy to absorb, and impress listeners and readers.

How to identify rebuttal argument operations:

• Determining content: Rejected content is often wrong, inaccurate, or misleading views, opinions, and arguments.

• Determine the purpose: The purpose of the refutation operation is to eliminate and negate wrong arguments to speak up for the truth, convince listeners and readers to believe and agree with the correct views and opinions. of the arguer.

• Determine the method: Refutation is often done by pointing out the errors and inaccuracies in the argument that needs to be refuted, analyzing the causes leading to those deviations, and providing evidence to prove it. for your argument.

Argumentative operations Comment

What is a comment argument operation? Argumentative commentary is a method of using language to express opinions, evaluate, and analyze a phenomenon or issue in life or literature, thereby convincing listeners and readers to agree with something. own comments.

Characteristics of commenting operations:

• Clarity: Must present clearly and honestly the phenomenon and issue being commented on.

• Objectivity: Must be based on science and logic, not emotional.

• Persuasion: Must provide solid, rich and comprehensive arguments and evidence to convince listeners and readers.

• Creativity: Must have unique, new, different opinions, expressing the commenter's own views and perspectives.

How to define a comment argument operation:

• Determine content: Commented content is often phenomena and issues that are attracting attention, are controversial or need to be evaluated.

• Determine the purpose: The purpose of commenting is to express opinions, evaluate, and analyze phenomena and problems in an objective and convincing manner to direct listeners and readers to a correct perspective.

• Determine method: Commenting is often done by presenting phenomena, problems, giving opinions, evaluating, analyzing, expressing opinions and giving reasons and evidence to convince people. listener, reader.

Reasoning Operation Compare

What is comparative reasoning? Comparative reasoning is a method of using language to contrast and compare two or more objects, phenomena, and concepts in order to clarify the characteristics, nature, and value of each object and thereby perceive become more aware of the issue at hand.

Characteristics of comparative reasoning operations:

• Scientific: Must be based on science and logic, not emotional.

• Objectivity: Must compare objects on the same level, evaluated on the same criteria.

• Accuracy: Must compare accurately, honestly, and not distort information.

• Vividness: Must use vivid language that is easy to understand and absorb, creating an impression on listeners and readers.

How to identify comparative argument operations:

• Determining content: The content being compared is usually things, phenomena, and concepts that are related to each other in some way.

• Determine the purpose: The purpose of the comparison operation is to clarify the characteristics, nature, and value of each object and thereby gain a clearer understanding of the issue at hand.

• Determine method: Comparison is often performed by placing objects on the same level, evaluating on the same criteria, stating the similarities and differences between objects.

See more:

1. VNguyễn Tất Thành – Application that helps build a solid Vietnamese foundation for children
2. Expression method: Review for the National High School Reading – Comprehension exam in Literature

Types of exercises on reasoning to review for the National High School Literature exam

Form 1. Exercises on concepts and characteristics of reasoning operations:

• State the concepts and characteristics of each argument operation: explain, analyze, prove, refute, comment, compare.

• Distinguishing reasoning operations based on the concepts and characteristics of each operation.

• List reasoning operations that can be used in an argumentative text.

Form 2. Exercise to identify main argumentative operations in texts.

Type 3. Practice exercises using reasoning operations. For example, write a short paragraph using expository reasoning to clarify an issue.

Form 4. Application exercises. For example, identify the main argument used in an argumentative essay learned in the high school program.

In general, reasoning is one of the key foundational knowledge to help you successfully conquer the National High School Reading – Comprehension section of Literature. Master the knowledge, practice regularly and flexibly apply reasoning operations during the problem solving process to achieve the best results.

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